Human gut microbiota and Parkinson’s disease

Introduction The human species have evolved along with different microorganisms. Some of them with pathogenic characteristics, but also in symbiosis with many other species. A large number of microorganism colonies live in healthy human bodies, all over the skin surface and inside cavities, but in this issue we will only discuss microorganisms that coexist inside […]

Measurement of surgical incisions after lumbar spine surgery by posterior approach

Introduction The posterior approach to the lumbar spine, at the level of the midline, is the best-known technique and the one that is most frequently used since it achieves the exposure of the spinous processes, the laminae, the facet joints, and the pedicles, as well as the spinal canal with its elements and intervertebral disc […]

Urinary symptoms decrease quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease – R

Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects multiple systems, manifesting with motor and non-motor symptoms. PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic cells1,2. In most cases, the etiology of PD is idiopathic (85-90%), while in the remaining cases, PD has a genetic cause3,4. Age is the most important risk factor: […]

Sensitivity and specificity of transoperative histopathological study compared to definitive histopathological report in patients with thyroid nodule TIRADS 4 and 5

Introduction The past three decades have witnessed a constant increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer worldwide1,2. It is diagnosed at an earlier age compared to most other cancers affecting adults2. Women are 3 times more likely to develop thyroid cancer than men2,3. Figures from the European Network of Cancer Registries show estimate incidence rates […]