Human gut microbiota and Parkinson’s disease

Introduction The human species have evolved along with different microorganisms. Some of them with pathogenic characteristics, but also in symbiosis with many other species. A large number of microorganism colonies live in healthy human bodies, all over the skin surface and inside cavities, but in this issue we will only discuss microorganisms that coexist inside […]

Measurement of surgical incisions after lumbar spine surgery by posterior approach

Introduction The posterior approach to the lumbar spine, at the level of the midline, is the best-known technique and the one that is most frequently used since it achieves the exposure of the spinous processes, the laminae, the facet joints, and the pedicles, as well as the spinal canal with its elements and intervertebral disc […]